Psychometric Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychometric Testing - Essay Example The underlying point preceding choosing an assessment or other procedure ought to be the activity needs. Despite the fact that undeniably including perspectives of individuals, singular details more often than not have their deficiencies. For example it is normal to discover superfluous or restricting mentalities groups under one expertise. The presentation of expertise itself is specific, using methodology from associations, perception and contextual investigations to confused procedures including huge case meeting. Not these systems will be appropriate in all circumstances, however on the off chance that no sorted out procedure is executed to upgrade the ability model, it will have been built up on an abstract establishment, maybe strange to clients and wo exclude the 80% of the 80/20 approach. As indicated by the examination led by Golombok (1999), ability and character appraisals make the more noteworthy segment out of what is normally used in psychometric assessment for recruiting, while the drive and inclination inventories are additionally actualized now and again. Despite the fact that the choice is changed - with in excess of 5,000 assessments in print in like manner dialects - a minuscule subset is used by greater part of the clients. This infers an individual may see a candidate who has had very generous experience of the comparable strategy and without a doubt a few advantages in this manner. Despite the fact that the extent of this ought not be a reason for disarray - specific memory will be accepted to pass inside half a month it involves a clamor component, so it is savvy to perceive what the candidate's past experience has really been. An advantage of psychometrics is objectivity, which is made conceivable on account of normalized techniques. This has been demonstrated by the exploration of Parkinson (2005). This is actualized explicitly to capacity assessments where there is typically a direct and regularly fundamental examination with a steady association. In character assessment, despite the fact that individual scales are normalized there is a further level of study regularly expected to dissect the whole example. With a flexible character evaluation, this result can be contrasted and a standard personality, deciphered from breaking down mentalities and practices against the aptitudes model. By and by there may not be related standard associations for seriously particular or higher occupation assignments. Most people know about psychometrics with their blend of informative authoritative activities and duties. In actuality the usage of different psychometric assessments against different abilities investigation of laborers is among the upsides of the system. As indicated by the investigation of Carter (2001), one of the advantages they have over other assessment systems is that they can incorporate the supervisors of the organization as the evaluators of the candidates themselves. Likewise, as psychometrics doesn't gobble up a great part of the spending it is normal particularly the ranking directors to be associated with the worker assessment process. Evaluators can be additionally employed from the Human Resource division or all the more commonly from an outside association. The basic hazard here is that the objective detail of psychometric outcomes might be ignored as emotional perceptions from a lone, frequently barely based, talk with cases, go to the fore. Psychometric assessments with inquiries relating to specific abilities of laborers give the general structure here, yet there exists bounty

Business Organization Essays

Business Organization Essays Business Organization Essay Business Organization Essay To have a duplicate is a property however not to rely upon others as we give an incentive on such things. Through the feeling of modernization deferent machines are made, Like printing machines that we can now effectively have a copy through this. Copra ala DESK was propelled by the name of each accomplice relating to the given name Diana, Reran, Willower and Katherine through this mix to frame the word DESK and Copra was the Latin word in medieval time of what we consider today the word duplicate which intends to have another or to copy. It Is the supported choice of all ratters means to give name in the business to represent the unity of each person to transform into association. The proposed business was meaning to give an assistance on the objective market, with a moderate cost. Since we are the main who Introduce the Ipso Print administration and offers other assistance at a least expensive cost In the area, in any case of giving a top notch archives and computerized photograph printing. Vision/Mission Statement Vision Copra ala DESK ethicalness that in five years time of administration will have a branch across the nation through having persistent Improvement on our business to address clients issues ND needs and disfiguring Its properties just as be an exceptional printing around the world. Crucial the reliability of every potential client and be a group leaser that gives them a great assistance regardless of Its moderate cost. Undertaking Objectives The business venture goals are: To gain benefit and ready to bear the cost of more supplies with less expense. To have an update of each most recent and having a redesigned hardware. Present with a decent assistance and the executives. Treat them as one of our accomplices. Makes them agreeable through nature of business. Give their necessities ( e. G other offer card peruser) Project Background/Industry Outlook Copra ala DESK is a help kind of business that will give the necessities of target advertise since the business are situated between of two schools. Subsequently, we are presumably focusing on all understudies and instructors also, as we think Having the correct assistance at the ideal spot is the key for our great activity. That Is the reason accomplices think about this to make the business agreeable and safe. Around there where normal degree of way of life of individuals is such a major preferred position to offer them the ipso-net where coins of yours. Advocate Partners Name Citizenship Percent (%) Capital Reran T. Estonian Filipino 25% 125,000 Willower JOY E. Diced Filipino 25% 125,000 Katherine Albanian Filipino 25% 125,000 Diana JOY Esprit Filipino 25% 125,000 Total 100% 500,000 Title/ Â Copra ala DESK Copra ala DESK was enlivened by the name of each accomplice relating to the given name Diana, Reran, Willower and Katherine through this mix to shape the word DESK and Copra was the Latin word in medieval time of what we consider today the word duplicate which intends to have another or to copy. We picked this name since we will be by and by maintain the business and to be appended as part-proprietor of the business. Sort of Business Organization Our business association is organization. The four of us chose to take part in this business as accomplices since it is anything but difficult to frame and to break down. Area of business Our business is situated in Ailing-Lang SST. Corner Camas SST. TTS Cruz region, chronological registry II Alas Pains City. We picked this area since we see extraordinary open door around there because of the quantity of populace there. This administration is the place they can discover companions or an accomplice that will bolster in their requirements by giving them an archive photograph printing, copy, filtering, surge ID, web and landlines in a moderate rice. The business structure is a general organization makes out of four accomplices that will contribute for the capital of the business and who will deal with the activity. Portrayal of the Service The printing is viewed as one of the most significant creations ever. This gadget has made it workable for books, papers, magazines, and other perusing materials to be delivered in extraordinary numbers, and it assumes a significant job in advancing education among the majority. It was created dependent on early standards of printing, and it has experienced numerous adjustments throughout the years to address the issues f individuals in various times. In both China and Egypt, the utilization of little stamps for seals went before the printing of paper or papyrus. This was likewise the situation in China. The procedure is basically the equivalent in Europe exceptional introduction impressions of prints were frequently imprinted on silk until the seventeenth century. What's more, of late concocted the Paleography (likewise called surface printing), frequently curtailed to flex, is a technique for printing most generally utilized for bundling (names, tape, sacks, boxes, pennants, thus on),and then will created the by Xerox in the backtalk. Base on the Wisped, he print machine proceed with become current and become requested now a days. Case of printing. Lithography press for printing maps in Munich. Yuan Dynasty woodblock release of a Chinese play Description of the Founders of Firm Reran T. Estonian, 27 years of age, college alumni of four years course of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. Has a working involvement with Jollied while he is in third year at the age 19. As a result of, his family life circumstance he figured out how to forfeit and seek after to his fantasies. He is currently one of the mainstream agents in the nation. Willower Joy E. Diced, 26 years likewise a college alum of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. She encountered to be a Jollied team when she was in second year. Indeed, even her family have an own methods for money, she decided to give an answer on her own concern regarding budgetary issues. The aftereffect of all her difficult work brings her into an effective life. Katherine Albanian, 26 years of age a college alum of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. She is a money related investigator of a firm and furthermore low maintenance educator. Diana Joy Esprit, 21 years of age and newly graduate of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. Her leisure activities are making extras that can be sold. One of her excellence is to set up a business that associated with her advantage however she is right now dealing with the matter of her family. Wellspring of Information A. Testing Technique Survey: Random Sampling The accomplices led the investigation through review and with the utilization of arbitrary inspecting of giving polls by and by to the respondents to get the essential information. Subsequently, the surveys were disseminated around the spot and imprints instructors where school are close with our business. B. Meeting We additionally lead some meeting from various shops in accordance with our administration offered, Mutational City, some place in Mutational City, Banyan and around where business are going to set up or our potential rivals. They help the accomplices to break down the issue and things expected to do to flexibly the interest of individuals and having a commitment to comprehend the activities that happen in the business C. Different Sources Table of References Conversationalist. Com. PH/http://en. Wisped. Organization/wick/Main_Page It. Gob. PH/Ass. Gob. PH/Philately. Gob. PH/Vagabonding. Gob. PH/Dole. Gob. PH/Cookbook. Net Officeholders. Com. PH Benson. Com. PH Chapter 2 Market Study Analysis of the Market The objective market of the firm is the occupant of Ailing-Lang Corner of Zamia SST. T. S Cruz Subdivision Almanac II, Alas Picas City as it was picked by accomplices in view of the firm is in the middle of two schools; the Elementary School and High School. Since other printing shops are exorbitant we accept this open door for as to serve the individuals in cap region with a moderate cost however in high-caliber of administration. The task exploit zone where in there is a great deal of understudies and the existence level is in the medium-class. We use to have a sheltered and agreeable spot for all our potential clients paying little heed to their status, way of life, and characters as long as the business or administration gives their requirements.

Capstone in Jordan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Capstone in Jordan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Capstone Project serves to help SIPA students utilize skills they’ve learned in the classroom to deal with real life problems. This year, SIPA partnered up with Better Work/International Finance Corporation and International Labour Organization (ILO) to assess the Better Work Jordan Workers’ Center targeted at garment workers’ in the Al-Hassan Qualified Industrial Zone (QIZ) in Jordan.  What is a QIZ you ask? It’s an enclosed area with factories surrounded by factory-owned dormitories that the migrant workers’ use during their stay in Jordan. Most of the workers never travel outside the QIZ â€" even when they are there for 3+ years. The idea of the center came out of need for migrant workers’ to have a stronger sense of community outside their daily life. The center provides recreational activities along with training programs (English and Computer skills). Our team will be working on collecting data to create a baseline and sustainability study based on its first month since opening. Day 1/2: Travel The first two days were brutal. Flying into Jordan takes approximately 15 hours â€" 12 on the plane and roughly 3 hours layover. We missed our connecting flight from London (Heathrow) to Amman, Jordan. Luckily, we were able to catch the next flight a couple of hours later. After 24 hours on the road, we finally made it to our hotel. Tough day â€" but well worth the time and effort. There’s also a six hour difference, you can only begin to imagine the jetlag…  Day 3: Workers’ Center After many months of visualizing the center through client class and website information, we finally get to visit the Workers’ Center. The workers’ center is approximately 75mins north of Amman, Jordan. During our van ride, we find out that the workers’ center is open â€" we are excited to know that we will be able to conduct our first round of interviews during the first day. We are surprised to find the workers’ center is a lot bigger than we had initially imagined. It has a computer lab with 27 Dell Laptops, a classroom for English Instruction, a kitchen and canteen and a multi-purpose room. View of the dormitories from Workers’ Center I sat through an English class during the day â€" most of the students in attendance were from Madagascar. I was impressed by the teaching methods but also by the students’ participation. They were happy to be there and even more excited to be learning a new language so foreign to them.  The students were asked to recite the alphabet, some of them even stood up and sang it! During the class, I noticed that the students were helping each other with the pronunciation of the letters â€" hardest letter of the alphabet to pronounce in the room “S”. English class Day 4: Petra, Jordan Today is our only day off during our trip. We decided to go to Petra, Jordan! Petra is about a three hour ride south from Amman.  So many camels! Day 4: Workers’ Center We spent the morning in the Better Work office learning more about the programs that they offer besides the Workers’ Center. Better Work does training with factories in different QIZ’s on sexual harassment but also financial literacy training for workers. In the afternoon, we headed off to the Al-Hassan QIZ. We collected data through our survey and conducted two focus groups with Malagasy workers. The team was able to get useful information for the workers’ center. We will use the surveys and focus group information to get create a report that will help the Workers’ Center with future activities and management. We also set up some sport games outside the Workers’ Center â€" some volleyball and soccer. A pretty good day.   It’s late â€" better head off to bed.  Thanks for reading. Posted by Eder Gaona, MPA 2014 and just back from the Middle East.  A little snippet from Eders capstone trip.

Music is an art that has been in this world for tens of...

Music is an art that has been in this world for tens of thousands of years and has proven its abilities to bring people together and sometimes even make people happy. Although the jazz era ended almost a century ago, this time influenced by Louis Armstrong was a huge cultural shift that still remains in our society in which African-Americans are a vast part of our music industry amongst pop, rap, reggae, and more. Jazz was a unique form of music, there had never been anything like it before. It was rebellious, rhythmic, and it broke the rules- musical and social. It started a musical revolution, â€Å"With its offbeat rhythms and strange melodies, jazz was blamed for everything from drunkenness and deafness to in increase in unwed mothers.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Armstrong once said, â€Å"Jazz is played from the heart. You can even live by it. Always love it.† That is exactly what Louis did, he lived by it, he loved it, and he influenced others to always do the same. Even in the last decade of his life, Armstrong continued to entertain people just as he had the previous four decades of his life. He often performed with a number of different musical groups, and is said to have â€Å"revolutionized† the jazz world with his introduction of the extended trumpet solo. He grew as a person and developed jazz into what it is now, â€Å"Louis Armstrong had a very long and successful career. He influenced the direction of jazz music and was the first ever â€Å"super star† of jazz music.† Louis Armstrong was one of the most influential jazz musicians in the 1920’s and is an essential factor of the thriving music industry today. Jazz opened a huge doorway for African-Americans in the music industry. Before Louis Armstrong, they never would have been accepted in music in society and potentially not have received equal rights in the future. Jazz was a new style of music that most people had never heard before, making it tha t much more interesting. Jazz taught people a new way to express themselves, with deep rhythms and smooth beats. With jazz being so multicultural, it gave people a new perspective on integrating African-Americans into society, which led America into theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Speaking a Second Language712 Words   |  3 PagesSecond languages are vital. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have the ability to speak ten out of the near seven thousand languages that are spoken in the world today? It is certainly evident that it would be pretty astonishing but also undoubtedly complex and mind-boggling. From Afrikaans and French, to German and Swahili, foreign languages are responsible for one thing; enabling easy communication and the ability to interact with others in whatever language you may speak. In today’sRead MoreTupac Shakur: A Brief Life Story1779 Words   |  7 Pagesbrought into the world on June 16, 1971 in the beautiful state of New York City . 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What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Premium Writing Service

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A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay Free Essays

string(94) " CAD which allows interior decorator ciphering and stand foring 3-dimensional form and solid\." This literature position is to supply a basic cognition about tools and techniques application for undertaking information direction in current building patterns. This paper will show a better understanding about current tools and techniques for information direction in undertaking, particularly Constructing Information Modelling and 4D Modelling in building use. First, the traditional information direction processing should be introduce and with their possible jobs and restriction. We will write a custom essay sample on A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, this paper will show the existing tools and techniques which are applied in building undertaking information direction. Furthermore, this literature position will concentrate on Building Information Modelling and 4D Modelling in undertaking information direction with its benefits and its barriers. In add-on, to place which tool or techniques are suited for little, medium and big building undertaking based on comparing of these tools and techniques. Finally, based on Chinese building contents, to place which tools and techniques are appropriate applied in China. 2. Undertaking INFORMATION MANAGEMENY Undertaking Information direction ( PIM ) can be defined as a system for aggregation, co-ordinate, managing, storage and disseminate of building undertakings information ( Winch, 2002, pp.339-341 ; Lester, 2007 ) . The cardinal rules of PIM is that based on specific information to organize communicating and to guarantee accurate and current undertaking information is available at the right clip in the right format to the right individual. The benefits of information direction a improve efficiency, effectivity and cut down hazard eventuality in the whole undertaking procedure. 2.1 Undertaking Information Flow Undertaking information relates to the undertaking life rhythm, involves undertaking briefing phase, design phase, be aftering phase and executing phase ( Winch, 2002, pp.186-188 ) . The figure 2.1 shows the general undertaking procedure in building industry. In the briefing phase ( A A ; B ) the clients identified their thoughts / demand for the undertaking and guarantee the feasibleness. The information procedure in this phase is iterative and divergent, to do a solution for briefing jobs. Second, during the design phase ( C ) , design squads to be after and bring forth design information. The effect of design development is to bring forth drawings, specifications and measures measure for the following phase. In this phase, information still iterative around briefing phase information, but concentrate to measure and choose solution to plan job to accomplish a comprehensive description of the undertaking relevant information. Third, during the building phase ( D ) , the information direction becomes more complexly. Information in this phase affect relevant drawings, specifications, times, costs, connexion with clients and providers, site installations, proficie nt and fiscal studies, meeting and conversation records, and other informations. Information processing becomes common than design phase. Contactors need to tie in with clients, interior decorators, subcontractors and providers to guarantee all information are accurate and easiness acquisition, but common information still has insecurity factors for the on-site plants, such as foundation and structural plants on redesign undertaking ( Lester, 2007 ; Winch, 2002 ) . 2.2 The development of information engineerings Techniques of information direction have been developed since the fourteenth century where graduated table proficient drawings were introduced to the industry. From this clip, traditional information engineerings were paper-based which undertaking information merely could be done by difficult transcript. However, the communicating of certain paperss may merely be sent by mail or collected from relevancy parties. Manual documentary methods in building industry play a chief function still today. This type of technique is still utilizing into communicating over the undertaking procedure. The restriction for this is that the drawings or paperss are non accurate. It could non modify instantly and should redraft in processing. During the 1970s, computing machine aided design ( CAD ) engineerings had been developed a new drawing techniques which allowed drawings could be portion and applied in other stockholders on design spheres but information direction still based on traditional information methods. However, the personal computing machine ( Personal computer ) developed allows undertaking stakeholders can portion and applied in their ain computing machine, particularly the computing machine can be equipped on the site office which much improved the undertaking information originative and storage ( Winch, 2002, pp.342-343 ) . Over the last 20 twelvemonth, information engineerings have quickly developing. There are many particulars package companies develop figure of tools to cut down undertaking ‘s process and better building communicating. Furthermore, the cyberspace developing allows stakeholders evaluate relevant information online without sit down together and communicating becomes convenient ( Winch, 2002, pp. 343 ) . At the same clip, there are many new specializer cognition have been introduced to the industry which brings building undertaking becomes more complexness. In add-on, fiscal, proficient, Healthy A ; Safety, and environmental jobs of the building lead undertaking hazard becomes higher. As a consequence, there are tonss of information integrates with the undertaking processes due to information and cognition are often be modified and substituted. ( Gray A ; Hughes, 2001, pp.2-3 ) . Therefore, there are a figure of tools and techniques has developed and introduced to the building industry for improve undertaking information direction. 3. Existing TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PIM The direction of building undertaking is about direction the undertaking information. The specific tools and techniques have been developed for operation and communicating of information on building undertaking. The common proficient of PIM is Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) which has been widely utilizing in the industry today. It application in building is indispensable for coevals, storage and distribution of undertaking information in calculating electronic format ( Winch, 2002, pp. 340 ) . In this subdivision will present some typical tools and techniques for improve undertaking information direction. 3.1 CAD for design phase Computer aided design ( CAD ) began as drafting plans for developing design certification. CAD operated original in planar ( 2D ) environment. 2D CAD allows working with a computing machine representation of geometry. The advantage of this is that interior decorator can make drawings more easy and accurate in dimension. It can supply limitless grading capablenesss. In add-on, the drawings can be portion and applied in construction, mechanical and electronic design spheres ( Maher, 2000 ) . The development extended 2D CAD into 3D CAD which allows interior decorator ciphering and stand foring 3-dimensional form and solid. You read "A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay" in category "Essay examples" There are a batch of 3D package tools available in usage today. In add-on, perspective rendition is another technique for 3D. It allows presentation that adds light beginnings and stuff belongingss into 3D theoretical account ( Maher, 2000 ) . The chief virtue of utilizing CAD is that all drawings can be end product and input in same format which allows stakeholders can portion the design information in their ain personal computing machine. 3.2 Construction direction The building phase can be separate into two procedures – planning and building. The techniques of these procedures are relied on traditional methods, such as Gantt chart for agenda, graphs and saloon or pie charts but translate to digital format in today ( Kymmell, 2008 ) . The typical tools for the building direction is Microsoft Office Project and Excel which allows those traditional theoretical account represent into spreadsheets, diagrams and other representation of information. 3.3 Documentary direction tools Accord to the IT development, Email is become as the chief communicating method. The undertaking informations can be sent to other relevant stakeholders but this communicating route merely available for one to one or one to multiple stakeholders. In add-on, Email merely can bringing individual informations and can non incorporate with other informations and with deficiency of security. It is difficultly to measure the information and information ( Craig, 2006 ) . In the recent twelvemonth, there is a new techniques has been introduced to the industry. Project extranets or calls extranets has been developed for more than 15 old ages. Extranets has been used as commercially system in the UK such as BIW Technologies and 4Projects. The extranets is likes a tool for geting and sharing undertaking informations in the internet-based driver ( Wilkinson, 2005 ; BIW, no day of the month ) . The benefits of utilizing extranets are: Better integrative of undertaking stakeholder. Information becomes more transparence and answerability. Because the audit trail is automatic recorded without differences and the undertaking cardinal procedures can be easy monitored. Paper-based paperss could be replaced by electronic paperss which salvaging cost and clip for printing, copying, distribution, storage and skill relevant undertaking information. More safety for information storage. The extranets can restrict access-authority for users. The information can be searched and reused. 3.4 Limitation of bing tools and techniques There are some restriction and barriers of bing tools and techniques: The range of application for PIM tools merely concentrate on differentiate phases such as design phase and building preliminary phase, which ignore considered project direction as a integrative entity. Most of import is that few tools and techniques can be used for building phase, such as advancement, quality and cost controls. Construction companies emphasise the utilizing of tools and techniques in different phase procedure but without considered utilizing an sole criterion for planning, agreement and direction of undertaking information ( Liu, 2005 ) . Some building companies are weak on their ain information direction. There are many excess informations and information had been repeatedly stored in their computing machine drivers which reflect on comparative information can be portion with other parties ( Liu, 2007 ) . Undertaking information is fragmented which can non unite all information in one system for undertaking members evaluate, discuss, estimation and knock undertaking informations and information. Therefore, constructing information mold as a new signifier techniques can better and consummate work out the existing tools and techniques ‘ restrictions in undertaking information direction. 4. Building INFORMATION Modeling 5. 4D Modeling Four-dimensional computing machine aided design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique has been researched and applied in the field of building since 1990s. This study is an fact-finding paper, presents the development of 3D and 4D simulations the field of building foremost. The development of this technique including commercially, research and development countries are revealed. Several current 3D and 4D commercially package tools are analysed in 2nd subdivision includes two instance surveies. The benefits and restrictions of 4D are discussed. In the terminal, the study negotiations about 4D technique impacts building and the supply concatenation. 5.1 Development of Technique The engineering of building design and planning has been developed for long clip. Due to the computing machine scientific discipline development, the traditional technique has been trended to visualization worlds from manual drawing. 5.2 4D Cad Four-dimensional computing machine adjutant design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique uniting with 3D theoretical accounts and building processing in another mean is clip. 2D and 3D improve building design more quality and efficient. 3D development provides the foundation for 4D CAD in the field of building direction. 4D CAD led the abstract undertaking planning can be presented straight and inventive in simulation. In 1984, CAS Inc developed PM-Vision which used 3D theoretical account to develop a database for building ( CSA, no day of the month ) . The first developed 3D CAD theoretical accounts link to building agendas was created in 1986-87 by Bechtel and Hitachi Ltd. They developed 4D Planner package. The 4D theoretical account creates by associating the agenda to the 3D CAD theoretical account to demoing which pieces of the undertaking will be constructed in sequence ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 ) In 1990 ‘s, 4D CAD has been progressively developed around in commercialism and research. Jacobus Technology developed and marketed a 4D simulation system called Construction Simulation Toolkit ( CST ) in 1992 ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 ) . CST allows user import CAD information from AutoCAD and Micostation uniting with agenda informations. The Centre for Integrated Facilities Engineering ( CIFE ) of Stanford University begins academic research in 1994. CIFE started the first undertaking research in the San Mateo County Health Facility which developed 4D theoretical account to pass on in the four-year building. After the first undertaking, CIFE continued to research related to 4D theoretical accounts. CIFE plays a leader function in 4D research country. Following CIFE, the academic research started in UK and Finland. In UK, the research undertaking of the Virtual Construction Site ( VIRCON ) which is a collaborative undertaking between University College London, Teeside University, The University of Wolverhampton and 11 building companies, was funded by UK authorities. The purpose of undertaking is to bring forth a tool allow contrivers to merchandise off the temporal sequencing of undertakings with their spacial distribution. In University of Wolverhampton, Dr. David Heesom published Technology Opportunities and Potential for The Virtual Construction Site in 2002. In 2000 ‘s, several commercial 4D package tools have been produced to building industry. In the following subdivision will take about the commercial package tools. 5.3 Existing Software analysis From 2000, 4D technique has been developed rapid. There are a assorted consequences of research are published and commercially available package tools are produced such as common Point undertaking 4DTM, JetStream TimelinerTM, Revit ArchitectureTM and xD Virtual BuilderTM. All 4D technique tool can export video format files for use. 5.3.1. Common Point Project 4DTM – Common Point Int. Common Point Project 4D was presented in 1999 by Common Point, Inc. It originated from the research activities undertaken at the Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering ( CIFE ) at Stanford University, USA ( Heesom A ; Mahdjoubi, 2004 ) . Undertaking 4D is a building simulation package tool that links agenda activities to 3D constituents. Project 4D ‘s chief characteristic is 4D playback, which allows the user to sequence building issues harmonizing to a agenda for imitating building events in chronological order. Common Point developed this system in acknowledgment of the realisation that the user to better communicate, program and analyse building activities throughout the undertaking lifecycle. The Undertaking 4D import 3D information from common industry format, such as AutoCAD ArchiCAD, Microstation and 3D MAX. The agenda informations can be imported from Primavera, SureTrak, Expedition, MS Project, Excel, comma or tab-delimited files. However, Woolley ( 2007 ) argues that Project 4D works merely with VRML CAD theoretical accounts ( WRL and RAW file formats ) and tends to restrict it to architectural instead than engineered in building applications. In add-on, it does non let user modify the 3D theoretical accounts in the 4D system. 5.3.2. JetStream TimelinerTM – Navisworks JetStream Timeliner is developed by Navisworks. It is enable 3D theoretical account informations to be linked with undertaking package for create 4D visual image of building agenda. This package allows user demoing all undertakings happening in the interval period, to guarantee little undertakings happening between interval points in the undertaking does non lose in 4D simulation. The package allows imports most CAD format from, such as AutoCAD ( .dwg, .dxf, .sat ) , 3D Studio ( 3ds.prj ) , SketchUp ( .skp ) and Navisoworks ( .nwd.nwf.nwc ) . The undertaking agenda package and formats supported by JetStream TimeLiner is PowerProject, MS Project and Primavera. Timeliner provides extension that allows text, site undertakings and procedure screening in simulation. The behaviour of the undertaking simulation is configurable and the show can be customized. ( Navisworks, no day of the month ) Harmonizing to Khemlani ( 2004 ) , the biggest restriction of Timeliner is perspective. The show of theoretical account is a generic geometry-based solution. The monetary value show in the web site of Timeliner is 1250 dollars. If the user want to purchase whole the JetStream bundle in sum is 8450 dollars. It is rather expensive for most building industry houses. 5.3.2.1. Revit ArchitectureTM- Autodesk Revit Architecture was developed by Autodesk. This package based on Autodesk research that called Building Information Modelling ( BIM ) . The theory of BIM is screens geometry, spacial relationships, geographic information, measures and belongingss of edifice constituents. BIM can be used to show the full edifice lifecycle including the procedures of building and installation operation ( Wikipedia, no day of the month ) . The construct of BIM is similar with 4D. Using Revit Architecture provides user record and reappraisal full undertaking from design period to build period organizing programs, agendas, and building paperss in ocular. ( Autodesk, no day of the month ) Compare with other commercial 4D package, Revit can make 3D theoretical account in the system. Due to Autodesk strength, utilizing with Autodesk Software, Revit can provides elaborate programs and renders of lifts. However, without Autodesk Software it could import other common package. It is average that undertaking agenda informations should be created in original technique. The users ought to pass a batch of clip to understand and the package Standard individual user monetary value is up to 4000 lbs. 5.4 Benefits and hereafter 3D and 4D simulation has been used in building industry. 3D simulation is popular in architectural and structural design. Interior designer can bring forth an attractive theoretical account in item degree, utilize it to show their design and communicate with other design parties. However, 3D simulation in building direction is non utile. Most 3D package are attentive the characteristic of rendering. In existent clip simulation, it could non bring forth 3D theoretical account nexus with other building activities. To set about a successful 3D theoretical account need user use much strength in preparation and understanding package because of a batch characteristics and maps should be used in. In long history traditional building, be aftering tools such as saloon chart and web diagrams are abstract for most people. To understand the undertaking be aftering need people analyze its and practise. Harmonizing to Fischer ( 2002 ) , 4D theoretical accounts combine 3D CAD theoretical accounts with undertaking agenda and other undertaking information to demo a ocular theoretical account for proficient and non-technical stakeholders in apprehension, analysing and pass oning a design and building agenda. In communicating of undertaking, 4D theoretical account provides a ocular simulation for all coordinators such as interior decorators, clients, contractors and builder to understand the undertaking effectual. For illustration, Walt Paradise Pier ‘ GC merely spent 2 yearss to understand the full undertaking sequence. By utilizing 4D, undertaking developers can measure the sequence, procedure, building methods and hazard in building undertaking. In add-on, item 3D and 4D modelin g can cut down the waste of stuffs and resources. The 4D theoretical account besides back up user gauge stuffs measure and deliver clip. Finally, 4D create a platform for interior decorators and contactors to reexamine and stakeout the advancement in building. Although 4D CAD has advantages in building direction, most 4D package tools merely simple combine with 3D theoretical account and agenda, as drama mesosphere. These package tools could non supply auxiliary map for building direction. The other maps such as cost, stuffs information, rendition, and human resource could non show in 4D theoretical account. In the practical building applications, 4D CAD must trust on complex 3D theoretical accounts, the restriction of it evidently. 4D development tendency could be including: Better the 4D CAD exporting in same format Reduce 3D theoretical account making clip. Better the rendition capableness of 3D theoretical account in 4D CAD. Integrate building cost and material information, constitutes to 5D CAD, so nD CAD system. To better the characteristics of 4D technique need researcher in Significant geographic expedition and research. Some organisations such as CIFE and ARUP are get downing to develop 4D CAD in use in building. 6. BIM VS 4D Modeling Everett M. Rogers ( 1962 ) classified clients as follows: Pioneers. Those who like to be first to have the latest merchandises. These consumers predominate at the beginning of the merchandise life rhythm. Early adoptive parents. Those who are unfastened to new thoughts, but like to wait a piece after initial launch. These consumers predominate during the growing stage of the PLC. Early bulk. Those who buy once the merchandise is exhaustively tested and tested. These consumers predominate in the early portion of adulthood stage of PLC. Late bulk. Those who are leery of new things, and wait until most other people already have one. These consumers predominate in the ulterior portion of the adulthood stage of PLC. Dawdlers. Those who merely adopt new merchandises when it becomes perfectly necessary to make so. These consumers predominate in the diminution stage of PLC. 7. Summary Mention: Gray, C A ; Hughes, W ( 2001 ) Building Design Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Winch, G. M. ( 2002 ) Pull offing Construction Projects. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Lester, E.I.A. ( 2007 ) Project Management, Planning and Control. 5th edn. Oxford: Buttcrworth-Heincmann. Lazarus, D. A ; Clifton, R. 2001. Pull offing Project Change: a best patterns guide. London: CIRIA Liu, J. ( 2005 ) Construction Project Management information Developing Problems. China: Journal of Modern Information. 25 ( 11 ) . pp.202-206 Liu, J.J. ( 2007 ) How to Tighten up Project Information Management of the Building Engineering Enterprise.china: diary of Anhui Architecture. 2007 ( 6 ) . pp.230-232 Maher, M.L. ( 2000 ) Understanding practical design studios. London: Springer. Pp.48-50 Kymmell, W. ( 2008 ) Constructing information mold: planning and pull offing building undertakings with 4D CAD and simulations. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wilkinson, P. ( 2005 ) Construction Collaboration Technologies: The Extranet Revolution. London: Taylor A ; Francis. BIW Technologies ( no day of the month ) Document Management [ online ] . [ citation on 1 January 2010 ] How to cite A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay, Essay examples

Telecommunications Health Economics free essay sample

* A description of telecommunications- transmission and reception of information over the air or through cables. Telecommunications includes television, telephone, the Internet, and other media (In High Definition: A-Z Guide to Personal Technology, 2006). * * * Examples of technology used in your workplace- Technology in health care is found in many places. In a home care setting we often utilize automatic blood pressure measuring devices, small blood glucose monitors, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the Telehelth system. The telehealth monitor is composed of these devices in a unique system. * * Advantages- Computerized records can be accessed more quickly by those who need them. Computerized medication records have decreased the nurses’ need to carry large amounts of paperwork related to medication administration. Information regarding allergies, drug interactions, and concerns are often immediately available. There are programs that facilitate physician orders, eliminating handwriting errors and difficulties deciphering. * Disadvantages- There are problems with computerized data systems. Some are designed without the input of direct caregivers and are often time-consuming and cumbersome to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecommunications: Health Economics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Importance of telecommunications in health care- Telecommunications is very important in health care. The ability to gather and analyze health-related information and data via computer, phone, or fax for improved patient care is critical. Although technology is expensive it offers many opportunities in managing health care cost. Combining clinical skills with technological skills can provide significant advantages to the success of health care. It can also open up new avenues to providing cost-effective outcome measurements. * * Where you see telecommunications in 5 years- * In 5 years I see a bright and promising future for telecommunications and health care. Innovations in nursing science combined with advances in information and communication technologies will provide home health care workers with the tools to increase contact with the communities they serve. * * * telecommunications. (2006). In High Definition: A-Z Guide to Personal Technology. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/hmhighdef/telecommunications

Free Essays on Adolecent Depression

Adolescent depression, often known as â€Å"the under diagnosed disease† is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. It is now responsible for more deaths in youth aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman 103). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under diagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal lives. Mood disorders in children are very common, so the unanswered question remains; when should an adolescent with be considered clinically depressed? Many say the reason why depression is often over looked in children and teenagers are because "children are not always able to express how they feel (Brown 197)." Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Being a teenager is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, and gloomy thoughts. It is also a time of rebellion and experimentation. The "challenge is to identify depressive symptoms which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm (Blacken 257).† Diagnosing adolescent depression should not lye only in the doctors’ hands but should be aided with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the child on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster Brown 107) and suicide (Blackman, 134). All of which can hide depressive symptoms.... Free Essays on Adolecent Depression Free Essays on Adolecent Depression Adolescent depression, often known as â€Å"the under diagnosed disease† is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. It is now responsible for more deaths in youth aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman 103). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under diagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal lives. Mood disorders in children are very common, so the unanswered question remains; when should an adolescent with be considered clinically depressed? Many say the reason why depression is often over looked in children and teenagers are because "children are not always able to express how they feel (Brown 197)." Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Being a teenager is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, and gloomy thoughts. It is also a time of rebellion and experimentation. The "challenge is to identify depressive symptoms which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm (Blacken 257).† Diagnosing adolescent depression should not lye only in the doctors’ hands but should be aided with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the child on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster Brown 107) and suicide (Blackman, 134). All of which can hide depressive symptoms....

French Expressions Using Bouche

French Expressions Using Bouche The French word une bouche literally means any kind of mouth - of a person, an oven, a volcano... - and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say food bills, gourmet, astonished, and more with this list of expressions with bouche. Expressions with Bouche le bouchebouchekiss of life, mouth-to-mouth resuscitationune bouche feugun ​une bouche daà ©rationair vent, inletune bouche de chaleurhot-air ventune bouche dà ©goutmanholeune bouche de mà ©trosubway entranceune bouche dincendiefire hydrantune bouche dune rivià ¨re, une bouche dun fleuvemouth of a riverune bouche inutileunproductive person; just another mouth to feedles bouches inutilesthe non-active, unproductive population; burdens on societyles dà ©penses de bouchefood billsune fine bouchegourmetles provisions de boucheprovisionsbouche bà ©eopen-mouthed, agape, astonishedBouche cousue  ! (informal)Its top secret! Mums the word!dans sa bouche...in his mouth, coming from him, when he says it...Dà ¨s quil ouvre la bouche...Every time he opens his mouth... est dans toutes les bouches.Everyones talking about ...; ... is a household word.Il en a plein la bouche.He can talk of nothing else.Il na que ... la bouche.... is all he ever talks about.Jen ai leau la boucheMy m outh is watering. La và ©rità © sort de la bouche des enfants (proverb)Out of the mouths of babesMotus et bouche cousue! (informal)Mums the word! Dont tell anyone!par sa boucheby ones words, by what one saysTa bouche  ! (familiar)Shut up! Shut your trap!Ta bouche bà ©bà ©Ã‚  ! (familiar)Shut up! Shut your trap!aller de bouche en boucheto be talked, rumored aboutapprendre quelque chose de la bouche de quelquunto hear something from someoneapprendre quelque chose de la bouche mà ªme de quelquunto hear something from someones own lipsavoir 3 bouches nourrirto have 3 mouths to feedavoir la bouche amà ¨reto have a bitter taste in ones mouthavoir la bouche en coeurto simperavoir la bouche en cul-de-pouleto purse ones lipsavoir la bouche fendue jusquaux oreillesto be grinning from ear to earavoir la bouche pà ¢teuseto have a thick-feeling or coated tongueavoir la bouche pleine de ...to be able to talk of nothing but ...avoir la bouche sà ¨cheto have a dry mouthavoir toujours linjure / la critique la boucheto always be ready with an insult / criticismsembrasser bouche que veux-tuto kiss eagerlysembrasser pleine boucheto kiss right on the lipssembrasser sur la boucheto kiss on the lipsà ªtre bouche bà ©eto be open-mouthed, lost in wonder, astonishedà ªtre dans la bouche de tout le mondeto be on everyones lips; to be talked about by everyonesexprimer par la bouche de quelquun dautreto use someone else as ones mouthpiecefaire du bouchebouche quelquunto give someone mouth-to-mouth resuscitationfaire la fine boucheto turn ones nose upfaire la petite boucheto turn ones nose upfermer la bouche quelquunto shut someone upgarder la bouche closeto keep ones mouth shutgarder quelque chose pour la bonne boucheto save the best for lastmettre leau la bouche de quelquunto make someones mouth watermettre un mot dans la bouche de quelquunto put a word into someones mouthne pas ouvrir la boucheto not say a wordouvrir la boucheto speakparler la bouche pleineto talk with ones mouth fullp arler par la bouche de quelquundautreto use someone else as ones mouthpiecepasser de bouche oreilleto be spread by word of mouthpasser de bouche en boucheto be talked, rumored aboutrester bouche bà ©eto remain open-mouthed, lost in wonder, astonishedtourner sept fois sa langue dans sa bouche avant de parlerto think long and hard before speakingse transmettre de bouche oreilleto be spread by word of mouthune bouchà ©emouthful

Applying Universal Design for Learning to Inclusive Classrooms in Essay

Applying Universal Design for Learning to Inclusive Classrooms in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example As the report declares the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia attempts to upgrade education to advanced levels to keep pace with advances in science and technology and human knowledge. It has paid increasing attention to special needs, especially in the last decade. The educational system for students with disabilities has improved dramatically since it began several years ago. The Kingdom also has not separated special education for public education at the level of attention. According to the paper findings the laws and regulations in Saudi Arabia has supported the implementation of student with disabilities in general education and has successfully included services for students with disabilities in the public school, these improvements was not followed by effective strategies to implement these programs effectively. The teachers are still unprepared to use appropriate teaching methods to teach students with disabilities alongside with their peers. This paper aims to provide a solution for them by addressing the strategy of Universal Design for Learning as a potential approach to ensure the equal opportunity for all students to participate in the general curriculum. Universal design of learning has not been addressed in my country, Saudi Arabia. It is an emerging topic that being discussed, but, there is no research conducted in this topic yet. With the introduction of inclusive classrooms in Saudi Arabia, there have been an increasing number of diverse students in classrooms.

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India Essay

The Human Development Index (HDI) for China and India - Essay Example The four input dimension indices for calculating HDI are, therefore, the life expectancy index, mean years of schooling index, expected years of schooling index, and income index (HDRO 1). Minimum value for life expectancy is set at 20 years, 0 years for both of the education variables, and $100 for the income variable measured in per capita gross national income (GNI). General formula for calculating dimension index is: Dimension index = Actual value – Minimum value Maximum value – Minimum value The HDI is the geometric mean of the normalised indices measuring achievements in each dimension. It is calculated as HDI =  Where; Ilife – life expectancy index2 Ieducation - Education index Iincome – Income index Case study: China and India Table 1: Computed HDIs and input variables for China and India INDIA: HDI Indicators HDI Indicator Value Goalposts for HDI 2011 Dimension Indices Maximum value Minimum value Life anticipation (years) 65.4 65.9 20.0 0.716 0. 546 Schooling mean years (years)3 4.4 4.6 0 0.336 Expected years of schooling (years)4 10.3 9.8 0 0.572 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.448 GNI per capita (PPP $)5 3,468 3,435 100 0.508 CHINA: HDI Indicators Indicator Value Maximum value Minimum value Dimension Indices HDI Life anticipation (years) 73.5 83.4 20.0 0.844 0.687 Schooling Mean years (years) 7.5 13.1 0 0.573 Expected years of schooling (years) 11.6 18.0 0 0.644 Combined education index 0.978 0 0.621 GNI per capita (PPP $) 7,476 107,721 100 0.618 HDI computation process: (I) India Life Expectancy index = (65.4-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.716 Mean years of schooling index = (4.4-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.336 Expected years of schooling index = (10.3-0)/ (18-0) = 0.572 Combined education index = (0.336*0.572) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.448 Income index = (Ln (3,468) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.508 HDI = (0.716*0.448*0.508) ^ (1/3) = 0.546 (II) China Life Expectancy index = (73.5-20)/(83.4-20) = 0.844 Mean years of schoo ling index = (7.5-0)/ (13.1-0) = 0.573 Expected years of schooling index = (11.6-0)/ (18-0) = 0.644 Combined education index = (0.573*0.644) ^ (1/2)-0/ (0.978-0) = 0.621 Income index = (Ln (7,476) – Ln (100))/ (Ln (107,721) - Ln (100)) = 0.618 HDI = (0.844*0.621*0.618) ^ (1/3) = 0.687 Table 2: Computed and Reported HDIs for India and China HDI Comparison Country Reported 2011 Calculated India 0.547 0.546 China 0.687 0.687 Calculated HDIs for both India and China are not significantly different from the reported figures as shown in Table 2. Small difference in the case of India could have been as a result of round off effects. It is notable, however, that computed HDIs would be significantly different from reported 2011 numbers if maximum values for input variables adopted for the calculation were to be drawn from the respective larger region (continent) data or observed values (HDRO 2). Evaluation of Calculated HDIs for China and India China’s HDI of 0.687 falls under the medium human development category together with countries such as Samoa, Thailand, Viet Nam among others in East Asia. According to the 2011 Human Development Report, countries that have the highest human development achievement in this continent are Palau, Malaysia, and Tonga with HDI’s at 0.782, 0.761, and 0.704 respectively. Countries such as Solomon Islands, Papua,

Role of Omega-3 and Vitamin B6 in Cancer Prevention

Role of Omega-3 and Vitamin B6 in Cancer Prevention A critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention: current evidence, proposed mechanisms and future directions Abstract: A critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention: current evidence, proposed mechanisms and future directions Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and according to the World Health Organization(WHO accounted for 8.2 million deaths in 2012(1). The complex and dynamic nature of cancer is evident, however 30% of cancers could be prevented by modifying factors such as diet, not smoking, physical activity and moderate use of alcohol(2). Scientific evidence suggests that nutritional supplementation of some nutrients can affect the risk of different cancers. For the purposive of this essay I will perform a critical analysis of the role of omega-3 and vitamin B6 in cancer prevention by reviewing the current evidence, proposed mechanisms and investigating the future directions of omega-3 and vitamin B6 use in cancer prevention. Omega-3(n-3) and omega-6(n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that cannot be made by the human body and therefore must be obtained from the diet. The use of n-3 PUFAs in a number of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome and rheumatoid arteritis has been associated with health benefits. Increasing evidence from animal and in vitro studies indicate that n-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic(DHA) acid play a role in inhibiting cancer progression(3). However epidemiological data on the association between n-3 PUFA intake and cancer risk appears to be somewhat less consistent. High fat intake, typically seen in western diets is associated with an increased risk for cancer development. N-3 PUFAs are an exception as studies have found that n-3 PUFAs have protective functions in prostate, pancreatic, breast and colon cancer. Western diets typically contain a high n-6 to n-3 ratio which has been found is positively associated with prostate cancer development. A study carried out in Jamaican men who had a high ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 ratio, found that n-6 PUFAs was positively correlated with prostate carcinogenesis while n-3 PUFAs inhibited cancer growth(4). In agreement with this study a case control study of 79 prostate cancer cases and 187 controls, found a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs increased the overall risk of prostate cancer in white men and possibly increase the risk of a high grade prostate cancer in all men(5). Population based studies have found that the use of n-3 PUFAs are protective against cancer development. A population based prospective cohort study of 90,296 subjects found that a diet rich in n-3 fish or n-3 PUFA appeared to protect against the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (6). In agreement with this study a population-based prospective study in Japan found an inverse relationship between n-3 PUFA intake and the risk of cancer in the proximal site of the large bowel(7). However not all studies have found beneficial effects of the use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention. A French study comprising of over 56,000 women, who were followed for eight years found no associated between n-3 PUFA and breast cancer risk(8). Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention. PUFAs are capable of influencing the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids in cell membranes. N-3 PUFAs can replace n-6 PUFAs in glycerophospholipids(9) and a high n-3 to n-6 ratio has been found to affect cell membrane signalling. Lipid rafts are important signalling domains within the cell membrane which contain receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor(10). As DHA has a poor affinity for cholesterol in lipid rafts it can supress raft associated signal transduction(10). This is important as in many cancers signalling pathways can be over activated. It has also been suggested that n-3 PUFAs may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation in human cancer cells by decreasing signalling through AKT/NFkB and by modulating the PI3k/AKT/p38 MAPK pathway(11). N-3 PUFAs are involved in the suppression of arachadonic acid (4n-6) derived eicosanoids, which are involved in cellular growth, cell differentiation and have proinflammatory effects (12). Arachadonic derived eicosanoids such as PGE2, have been positively linked to cancer (13), unlike EPA eicosanoids which have anticancer effects(14). As mentioned above incorporation of n-3 PUFAs into the phospholipid membrane replaces n-6 arachadonic acid precursors, decreasing arachadonic derived eicosanoids and increasing EPA eicosanoids. N-3 PUFAs have also been found to supress cyclooxygenase-2 (15), which has anti-tumour affects as COX-2 down regulates apoptotic pathways(16). This is in contrast to n-6 PUFAs which have been found to upregulate COX-2(17). It is also interesting to note that in breast, colon and prostate cancer COX-2 is overexpressed (18, 19). Taking this into account it is likely that suppression of COX-2 by n-3 PUFAs may be a preventative measure in these cancers. In conclusion there is evidence for the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention, however due to inconsistencies in epidemiological data it is too early to recommend the use of n-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention. Possible explanations to explain these inconsistencies may be that population-based studies rely heavily on data from self-reported dietary PUFA intake. This form of data collection may poorly correlate with accurate PUFA intake. Another possible explanation is that the amount of n-3 PUFA administered in studies, may not be of a sufficient quantity to have a protective functions in cancer prevention. Further studies are needed to be carried out to account for the current variation in published studies before recommending n-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention. According to the latest report from the National Cancer Registry: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in both men and women in Ireland (20). Environmental factors such as diet have been identified as playing a role in the risk of CRC development. Preventability estimates from the World Cancer Research Fund show that 47% of cases of CRC in the UK can be prevented by modifying factors such as eating and drinking healthily, being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight(21). According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 24% of people (who did not take supplements containing vitamin B6) have suboptimal active B6 plasma concentrations (22). Vitamin B6 is a water soluble vitamin, which in its active form: pyridoxal 5’-phostphate (PIP) is involved in more than 100 coenzyme reactions, including lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism(23). Vitamin B6 may play a role in CRC prevention through its role in one carbon related DNA synthesis and methylation(24). Vitamin B6 has also been shown to reduce the formation of nitric oxide(25), inhibit angiogenesis(26) and reduce oxidative stress(27), creating an unfavourable environment for tumour development. Despite the mechanistic evidence supporting for the role of vitamin B6 in CRC cancer prevention, epidemiological evidence has been inconsistent. A meta-analysis of 9 studies carried out between 2002-2009 on Vitamin B6 intake in relation to CRC risk, found inconsistent results with both an inverse and positive association(28). The same meta-analysis included four nestled case-control studies investigating serum PLP on CRC risk. All four studies found an inverse relationship between PLP levels and CRC risk, with an overall reduced risk of CRC for every 100-pmol/mL increase in serum PLP(28). In the 9 studies of vitamin B6 intake and CRC risk it seems that highest vs lowest category of vitamin B6 intake was most important. When the study’s results were pooled together, a 21% significant reduction in CRC risk was found when comparing high vs low vitamin B6 intake in studies with a wider range of exposure (>1.5-mg difference)(28). A different study prospectively followed up 26,440 women and 44,410 men to assess whether a higher vitamin B6 intake in the remote past(12-16years prior to diagnosis) was more strongly associated with a lower risk of developing CRC than an intake in the recent past (4 years prior to diagnosis)(23). The results of this study did not support a strong role of vitamin B6 intake in preventing CRC development. However most of the participants were relatively well nourished, with only 5-10% of people having a vitamin B6 intake below the recommended daily allowance(23). This limited the study as it is not the most accurate measures of determining the potential effects on suboptimal vitamin B6 on CRC risk. The Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective study investigated the association of dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine on CRC risk(29). The study included 81,184 participants (38,107 men and 43,077 women) who were followed from 1995-98 to the end of 2002. A significantly inverse relationship between vitamin B6 intake and CRC was found in men. Men in the highest quartile of vitamin B6 intake had a 35% decreased risk of CRC compared with men in the lowest quartile. No association was found in vitamin B6 intake and CRC in women. Interestingly a higher intake of vitamin B6 appeared to be beneficial in men with higher alcohol intake. The study found that the risk of CRC associated with alcohol intake was significantly higher in those who had a low vitamin B6 intake, however this risk was found to decrease in those who had a higher vitamin B6 intake(29). In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that vitamin B6 may play a role in CRC prevention, however it appears that plasma PLP appears to be more strongly linked to a reduced risk in CRC. Studies investigating the effect of vitamin B6 intake on CRC risk appear to be inconsistent. In contrast studies on PLP have found higher plasma PLP CRC risk by 30-50%(23). It is also important to note that studies have found that individuals with higher activity levels, higher dietary intakes of folate and calcium and individuals who do not smoke have higher vitamin B6 levels and a decreased risk of CRC(23). In these individuals it is difficult to determine if it is these healthier behaviours or the increased B6 levels that decreases CRC risk. It is also difficult to assess the impact of dietary vitamin B6 on its own on CRC risk, as most foods containing vitamin B6 contain various other nutrients such as folate and vitamin D. Further studies are needed to be carried out to explain the current inconsistencies in the use of vitamin B6 and CRC risk before vitamin B6 can be recommended as a preventive measure. 1.International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO. GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence in 2012 2012. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx. 2.Organization WH. Cancer fact sheet 2014 [updated February 2014]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html. 3.Parada B, Reis F, Cerejo R, Garrido P, Sereno J, Xavier-Cunha M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumor growth in a rat model of bladder cancer. BioMed research international. 2013;2013:368178. 4.Ritch CR, Wan RL, Stephens LB, Taxy JB, Huo D, Gong EM, et al. Dietary fatty acids correlate with prostate cancer biopsy grade and volume in Jamaican men. The Journal of urology. 2007;177(1):97-101; discussion 5.Williams CD, Whitley BM, Hoyo C, Grant DJ, Iraggi JD, Newman KA, et al. A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Nutrition research (New York, NY). 2011;31(1):1-8. 6.Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, et al. Consumption of n-3 fatty acids and fish reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(7):1468-75. 7.Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, et al. Intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and development of colorectal cancer by subsite: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2011;129(7):1718-29. 8.Thiebaut AC, Chajes V, Gerber M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir G, et al. Dietary intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of breast cancer. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2009;124(4):924-31. 9.Gu Z, Wu J, Wang S, Suburu J, Chen H, Thomas MJ, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the localization and signaling of PIP3/AKT in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(9):1968-75. 10.Turk HF, Barhoumi R, Chapkin RS. Alteration of EGFR spatiotemporal dynamics suppresses signal transduction. PloS one. 2012;7(6):e39682. 11.Schley PD, Jijon HB, Robinson LE, Field CJ. Mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acid-induced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2005;92(2):187-95. 12.Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;79(6):935-45. 13.Cheuk BL, Chew SB, Fiscus RR, Wong PY. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates apoptosis in rat epididymis through prostaglandin D2. Biology of reproduction. 2002;66(2):374-80. 14.Cockbain AJ, Volpato M, Race AD, Munarini A, Fazio C, Belluzzi A, et al. Anticolorectal cancer activity of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. Gut. 2014. 15.Hamid R, Singh J, Reddy BS, Cohen LA. Inhibition by dietary menhaden oil of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors. International journal of oncology. 1999;14(3):523-8. 16.Rose DP, Connolly JM. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacology therapeutics. 1999;83(3):217-44. 17.Badawi AF, Archer MC. Effect of hormonal status on the expression of the cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 genes and prostaglandin synthesis in rat mammary glands. Prostaglandins other lipid mediators. 1998;56(2-3):167-81. 18.Williams CS, Mann M, DuBois RN. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene. 1999;18(55):7908-16. 19.Dempke W, Rie C, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy? Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology. 2001;127(7):411-7. 20.Registry NC. Cancer In Ireland: Annual report of the National Registry. 2013. 21.Fund WCR. Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention. Food, Nutrition, and Physical activity: a Global Perspective. 2009 updated 2011. 22.Morris MS, Picciano MF, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;87(5):1446-54. 23.Zhang XH, Ma J, Smith-Warner SA, Lee JE, Giovannucci E. Vitamin B6 and colorectal cancer: current evidence and future directions. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG. 2013;19(7):1005-10. 24.Selhub J. Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism. The journal of nutrition, health aging. 2002;6(1):39-42. 25.Komatsu S, Watanabe H, Oka T, Tsuge H, Kat N. Dietary vitamin B6 suppresses colon tumorigenesis, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in azoxymethane-treated mice. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2002;48(1):65-8. 26.Matsubara K, Mori M, Matsuura Y, Kato N. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate and pyridoxal inhibit angiogenesis in serum-free rat aortic ring assay. International journal of molecular medicine. 2001;8(5):505-8. 27.Jain SK, Lim G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free radical biology medicine. 2001;30(3):232-7. 28.Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2010;303(11):1077-83. 29.Ishihara J, Otani T, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Low intake of vitamin B-6 is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men. The Journal of nutrition. 2007;137(7):1808-14.

Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide

Unit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t includeEnd of hunting-gathering societies2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized byA rough social equality3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans areCopper4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by theirKnowledge of agriculture5. Characteristics of complex civilizationsSpecialization of laborTrade and cultural diffusionWritten languagesComplex political order and power6. Evidence proves that the MesopotamiansTraded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, & India7. Major effect of Neolithic RevolutionThe establishment of sedentary village communities8. Conditions for women in MesopotamiaGrew increasingly worse over time9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible byRise in agricultural production10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of theHebr ews11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped byThe social standing of the accused2. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are credited forHorse-drawn chariotsMetallurgyMigrating from southern RussiaDefeating the Babylonians13. The society who began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after deathEgypt14. Which metal was most important in transforming agricultural societies into large urban civilizations?Iron15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity?Egypt16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were theBantu17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was* Legalism18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were* Less pronounced than in Neolithic19. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by* Indo-Europeans20. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of* Population pressures21. Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery because* The archeological remains are under water22. The biggest military advantages of the Indo-Europeans was* Their horses23. Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the* Vedas24. Correct groupings of early societies and their rivers* Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates; Egypt – Nile; Harappan – Indus; China – Huang He25. Harappan society* Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets* They traded extensively with the Mesopotamians* They had social distinctionsThey produced representational art 26. Group that retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other early civilizations* The extended family27. The Chinese concept of the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† was sometimes used to justify* Rebellion28. Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with* None29. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because* It was associated with rain & agriculture30. The most characteristic artistic creation of the Olmecs were* Colossal human heads sculpted with basalt31. The Aryans affected the Indian sub-continent by A common written language* Adding race to the caste system* Establishing the Silk Road trade* Advanced use of technology32. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians?* Zero33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is* Land34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil. †* Karma35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had chosen to â€Å"promote the welfare of the people†¦ (and) to cause justice to prevail in the land†?* Hammurabi36. During the time of the Aryans the Indian political landscape was characterized by* A series of small kingdoms37. Contributions of the River Valley Civilizations* Metallurgy in agriculture, welfare and art* The wagon wheel* Written forms of communication* The calendar and the 60-second minute38. What two River Valley civilizations are most alike as far as their use of regionalism and the decentralization of political power?* Olmec and Chavin39. Confucian social order* Loyalty to the ruler* Filial obedience to one’s father* Respect of younger brother to older brother* Respect of husband to wife40. Women were important contributors to the agricultural revolut ion because they were likely the* Gender who gathered edible plants and grew various grains41. Shang and Zhou China originated the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† primarily* As a way to demonstrate the divinity of the emperor42. The government structures of early Mesopotamia and Egypt* In both civilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god43. The Chinese copied their chariots from* The steppe nomads44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return?* Horses46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism?* Emphasis on harmony between humanity47. Which of the following describes the major effect of Bantu migrations?* Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa48. Confucius argued that* Educations is essential to becoming a refined gentleman49. The device the ancient Olmec build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands* Terraces50. The proper order from top to bottom of the original Aryan caste system?* Priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, laborers, polluted laborers51. One key role of the caste system which was unlike other systems of social inequality in the ancient world was that the caste system* Served to maintain order and stability as political systems did in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China52. What p urpose do scholars believe paleolithic Venus figurines served? The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53. A key geographic difference between ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan, and Chinese society was thatEgypt and China were more isolated and therefore protected by their environment than there were the Mesopotamians or Harappans54. Olmec and Mesopotamian political traditions are an example of* Decentralized monarchy55. Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to* Institute a feudal system of the governmentUnit Two1. An important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires was * Intensified invasions and security issues along their frontiers 2. Before 500 C. E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both * Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by 3. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the * Mesopotamians 4. The Medes and Persians were originally * Indo-European tribes 5. The classic Persian governmental approach was * An enlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny 9. The Qin and Han dynasties * Went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity 10. Confucian terms * Ren – benevolence * Xiao – filial piety * Dao – way * Junzi – superior individuals 11. The philosophy that criticized the social activism, and instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was * Daoism 12. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States? * Legalism 13. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribute to China was * Establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule 14. The Han philosophy of rule was * A contribution of Qin policies of centralizations 15. In 124 B. C. E. , Han Wudi transformed China by * Establishing an imperial university 16. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? * Admonitions for Women 17. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, * The gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large 18. The Indian political scene changed dramatically in 520 B. C. E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the * Persians 19. The rock and pillar edicts were issued by Ashoka 20. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision to * Debase the currency 21. Politically, the Guptas * Left local government and administration in the hands of their allies 22. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended on * Understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds 23. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was * The rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati 24. The greatest social contribution of the Jains was The fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste 25. When Krishna tells Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"Having regards to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle,† he is referring to what Hindu principle? * Dharma 26. The political structure of the ancient Greeks * Usually considered of independent, autonomous city-states 27. The Greeks used the word polis to refer to the * The city-state 28. Athenian democracy was open to * All Athenian citizens 29. Events that occurred during the time of Pericles * Athenian democracy reached its high point Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis * Athenian expansion and arrogance helped spark the Peloponnesian War * Athens underwent a massive building program 30. Affects that came about because of Greek colonization * An increase in the size and diversity of trade * The spread of Greek language and cultural traditions * A quickening of the tempo of social life * Increased contact with other societies 31. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution * Incidence of disease increased * Widening gender differences * Rapid increase in human population * Increase in reliable food supply 32. In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be * Philosopher kings 33. The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was * Generous with potential for citizenship 34. The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the * Persians 35. The land route of the silk roads ran from the Han capital of _____________ to the Mediterranean port of _____________. * Chang’an; Antioch 36. Latifundia were * Enormous plantations worked by slaves 37. After naming himself dictator in 46 B. C. E. Julius Caesar * Launched large-scale building projects in Rome Extended Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces * Appointed some Gauls to the Roman senate * Seized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable 40. The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay out the foundations for the * Silk roads 41. The fact that by the first century C. E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the * Indians 42. By around the year 600 C. E. , the ravages of epidemic diseases had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations decrease by * At least a quarter 43. In the year 184 C. E. , peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the * Yellow Turban rebellion 44. With the collapse in political order after the fall of the Han Empire, * Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular 45. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by * Dio Cletian 46. The social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Did not exist as they did in pervious times 47. After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the * Byzantine Empire 48. Major effect of Bantu migrations * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan AfricaUnit 3: Part I1. Agricultural production increased throughout medieval Europe mainly esult of a * A heavier plow * Water and wind powered mills 2. Arabic conquests of Mesopotamia and Persia influenced the women in the Islamic world by making * Society more patriarchal 3. Characteristics of the medieval period of Europe * Political order through feudalism * Economic order through manorialism * Religious order through Church * Expanded trade and education 4. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. to 1450 C. E. resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? * Technological and scientific concepts such as decimal and zero 5. Foot binding is probably the best example of * The increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society 6. During the Tang and Song periods, the imperial â€Å"examination system† * Expanded and filled posts based on intellectual ability and merit 7. When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that * The south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did 8. The success of the Byzantine â€Å"theme system† was most dependent upon * Promoting rural agriculture with few imperial restrictions 9. Islam became very popular in India and within different segments of Hindu society because * It emphasized equality and it was less exclusionary than Hinduism 10. The term â€Å"samurai† describes men in feudal Japan who were most like these men in Europe * Knights 11. Gender relations up to 1000 C. E. * In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others 12. The impact of commercial trade during this period * Technology, crops and religious ideology spread from China in the east to Europe in the west while also connecting India, the Middle East and Africa’s Swahili coast 13. Constantinople Was constructed by Constantine * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia * Was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube 14. The items Marco Polo encountered at Kublai Khan’s court and described to Europeans * Paper money * Food stocks – noodles * â€Å"Black stones† – coal * Gunpowder 15. Middle Eastern trade in the period between 1000 to 1400 * A unified Islamic Empire which eliminated tariffs and encouraged trade 16. Justinian’s most significant long-term accomplishment * He regulated and established a new uniform legal code for his empire 17. Comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000 – 1300 * Western Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire 18. After the fall of Rome, the only real institutions of learning in Western Europe were the * Christian monasteries 19. Hagia Sophia was * The magnificent church at Constantinople 20. Major public work that was first constructed by emperor Yangdi during the Sui Dynasty in China * The Grand Canal 21. A result of the Viking raids on Europe from the 8th to the 10th centuries was that * Europeans organized into feudalistic societies for protection 22. In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople * Mutually excommunicated each other 23. Charlemagne * He expanded the Frankish territory * He supported education and literacy * He instituted the missi dominci * He established his capital in Aachen 24. Guilds during the Late Medieval period Admitted women as members 25. Relationships between Islam and the influence it received from other cultures * India – mathematics & economics * Persia – literacy works & politics * Greece – philosophy & medicine * China – paper, cotton & silk 26. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of * Mathematics 27. Major result of the Christian Crusades * Europeans were introduced to new technology, trade and cultural exchanges 28. Common feature of most Middle Eastern, Asian and European societies during the period of 1000 to 1450 * A close association with religion 29. The most striking difference between the Tang and the Song dynasties affecting their survival was * The differing ways they chose to deal with nomads on their frontiers 30. The two major sources of stability during the Medieval period of Europe * Feudalism and the Catholic church 31. In regard to political structure, postclassical India * Developed no single centralized imperial authority 32. An invasion in 451 C. E. , by the White Huns, began the collapse of the * Gupta dynasty 33. In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the * Umayyad dynasty 34. The most important new crop introduced to China during the Tang and Song periods was * Fast-ripening rice 35. The primary difference between Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims is a disagreement over * The leadership of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death 36. The Indian ruler Harsha was known for * His Buddhist faith and his benevolent treatment of his subjects 37. Legacy of the Vikings during the medieval period * Feudalism * Exploration * Warfare * Shipping technology 38. The Abbasid Dynasty differed from the Umayyad Dynasty in that * It was not a conquering dynasty 39. The Delhi sultans were Never able to expand their control beyond northern India 40. The Crusades by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by * Efforts to unite religious power and retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Lands 41. An example of interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 was the transfer of * Numerals and decimal system 42. The Tang planned to avoid the concentration of land by the wealthy by implementing the * New economic planning system 43. Zheng He was * The Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration 44. Hindu temples Played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India 45. Major reason for the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th & 8th centuries * The advanced military technology of the Islam forces 46. India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of * Its central locations in the Indian Ocean basin 47. Achievements of the Early Middle Ages * A restoration of political order through a feudal system * Some economic recovery because of agricultural advancement * The creation of an institutional framework for the Christian church based in Rome 48. The adoption of the Neo-Confucianism by the Ming dynasty during the 14th century was primarily motivated by the * Need for competent government administrators 49. The Byzantine Empire achieved * The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity 50. Islamic & Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 – 1200 C. E. ) shared a characteristic of * Extensive urbanization & maritime trade 51. Most important effect of Islamic expansion on the civilizations of medieval Europe * The transmittal of Greek & Arab learning 52. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism both * Were outgrowths of other religions * Were aided in their spread by the trade networks * Developed monastic orders * Venerated people of high spiritual merit 53. In medieval society, political power was vested in * Local authorities 54. The most important relationship in feudalism was between * Lord and retainerUnit 3: Part 21. The largest empire of all time was created by the * Mongols 2. The Inca quipu was * A record keeping device consisting of small cords with knots 3. The political power of the khans was based on Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes 4. In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan * Formed new military units with no tribal affiliations 5. Who made a famous pilgrimage to Meca in 1324 – 1325? * Mansa Musa 6. Khubilal Khan’s military and imperial pursuits * Had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan 7. Ethiopian Christianity * Retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs 8. The Mongols brought greater integration among Eurasian peoples by * Increased trade * Resettlement of conquered peoples Diplomatic missions 9. Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the * Yuan dynasty 10. The introduction of a new crop about 400 C. E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? * Bananas 11. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was * Portugal 12. By the middle of the first millennium B. C. E. , the Bantu had begun to produce * Iron 13. The late fourteenth century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolla, was * Tamerlane 14. One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was * The domestication of the camel 15. By the tenth century C. E. , the kings of Ghana had converted to * Islam 16. Foundations of Mali’s power * Control over trans-Saharan trade * A strong cavalry * A series of powerful kings 17. During the period of Mongol domination, * Long-distance trade became much less risky 18. In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire * Had no elaborate bureaucracy 19. Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on * Indian Ocean trade 20. The Ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1200s * After the government issued paper money 21. Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, * Slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth 22. Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C. E. , the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave was * Ten million 23. In the five centuries after the year 1000 C. E. , the peoples of the eastern hemisphere * Traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before 24. By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European’s played dominant roles except * Australia 25. Khubilal Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts * Because he did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects 26. When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols in an alliance against the Muslims, * The khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed 27. Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because * His religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi 28. Product that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction * Silk 29. The North American Indian societies * Possessed no form of writing 30. Common results of a bubonic plague * A decline in trade * A decline in population * Peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages 31. The Yongle Encyclopedia * Represented the Ming rulers’ interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions 32. Central to the Renaissance thought beginning in northern Italy was * A fascination with the ancient world 33. Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of * Its control of the gold trade 34. Humanist moral philosophers believed that * People could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world 35. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population * Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism 36. In regard to exploration, Prince Henry was to Portugal what _________ was to China. * Wan Li 37. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because * Of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion 38. The chinampa system refers to * The Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom 39. In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, Women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies 40. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by * A council made up of the most successful warriors 41. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth * Won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle 42. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice * As an essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival 43. North American societies * Developed on a relatively small scale 44. In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies * Governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups 45. The Inca imposed order By taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes 46. Hallmark of Hongwu’s rule * The reestablishment of Confucian education * Extensive use of the civil service system * The reestablishment of the civil service system 47. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines * Did not diffuse much beyond their own regions 48. During the early modern era, which of the following non-European peoples explored the Indian Ocean? * Chinese 49. In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was * A publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 50. Main inspirations for European exploration * The desire to conquer China and India 51. The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries * Facilitated greater cross-cultural communication and integration 52. Reasons for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route * The spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous * The high prices charged by Muslim merchants * The demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 53. The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when * The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces 54. Chinese inventions * Sternpost rudder and magnetic compass 55. The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of * Pepper and cinnamon 56. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to * Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties 57. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because * It was a small country with a small population 58. Advantages that the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese * They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships * They created joint-stock companies * They were wealthier countries 59. The Dutch policy in Indonesia was * To control the production of spices 60. The country that finished the Seven Years’ War with global hegemony was * England 61. In the long term, the Columbian exchange * Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops 62. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of * Enslaved Africans